Spine surgeons Craig Humphreys and Scott Hodges (H&H) meet at Loyola, where they are exploring spinal anatomy and kinematics with biomechanics researcher Dr. Avinash Patwardhan

Dr. Humphreys joins Dr. Hodges in clinical practice

H&H publish their first paper critical of fusion outcomes, after disappointing experience with revision surgeries

H&H begin experimental work with lumbar motion technologies

H&H publish first lumbar activity of daily living study

First seven-patient clinical trial in South Africa

Twelve-patient second clinical pilot in South Africa

HH Spine LLC takes IP private

Generation 2 development completed, taking advantage of refined instrumentation and surgical technique

International Surgical SEZC acquires HH Spine LLC offshoring technology to the Cayman Islands

Dr. Patwardhan joins International Surgical Board of Directors

International Surgical gains Health Practice Commission approval to enroll third clinical pilot and completes Generation 3 development

International Surgical completes $7.3 million Series A funding

International Surgical completes enrollment of 70-patient third clinical pilot

Publishes sitting assessment tool and additional biomechanical and motion paper

International Surgical SEZC rebrands as 3Spine SEZC

3Spine completes $10.0 million Series B

3Spine forms US operating subsidiary 3Spine Management Company, Inc.

Generation 4 Vitamin E antioxidant highly crosslinked PolyEthylene development completed, including implant, instrument, and manufacturing refinements

Generation 4 receives Breakthrough Device Designation from FDA

3Spine acquires NovoClinic Ltd.

3Spine publishes BalancedBack outcomes data

3Spine begins enrollment of 150 patient prospective real-world evidence fusion study in the United States

3Spine completes $32M Series-C financing

3Spine becomes 3Spine, Inc.